Organic Farming

Numerous stresses in the field affect the yield of citrus. These stresses include among others, insect pests and transmissible plant pathogens. Tangonan et al. (USMARC) monitored the incidence and damage of various insect pests and diseases attacking citrus in the three municipalities of Cotabato (Matalam, Kabacan, and Mlang).

Six major insect pests were identified to be associated with citrus namely: aphid, citrus rind borer, citrus scale, citrus thrips, fruit fly, and leafminer. The citrus rind borer (Prays endolemma Diakonoff) was at its highest incidence in Matalam in June with an average population of 58%. However, it was not observed in Mlang throughout the sampling period in 2003.
In Mlang, leafminer (Phyllocnisnis citrella Stainton) was noted as the destructive pest in June, with an average damage count of 52.68%.
Among the parasites, paper wasp (Polistes exclamans Gupta) population during February in Matalam was high (35.77%). Also in Matalam, predators such as red or fire ants (Solenopsis germinata Fabricius) had the highest occurrence, with 59.19% average population count in July.
For synthetic insecticide testing, the application of deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos + betacyfluthrin effectively controlled citrus rind borer and offered significant protection to pummelo fruits. This was shown by fewer galls per fruit (pesos and baseball sizes). However, even with the application of botanical insecticides such as makabuhay, madre de cacao, and neem tree leaf extracts, the occurrence of rind borer and galls was not significantly reduced. The number of galls was comparable to that of the control.
Results of the survey in various citrus orchards showed that twig blight commonly infects seedlings. Leaf spot was also identified as one of the diseases attacking citrus. Pathogens causing these diseases were Fusarium sp. and Curvularia sp.
Bioassay tests showed zero growth of fungi in culture media mxed with difenoconazole fungicide. The test showed that Peperomia pellucida and Euphorbia hirta can control growth of fungi. P. pellucida allowed only 20.16 mm and 24 mm growths of Fusarium sp. and Curvularia sp., respectively. Growth of the untreated control filled up the entire plates.

Today is May 17, 2006
	Peperomia pellucida and Euphorbia hirta for controlling growth of fungi Fusarium sp. and Curvularia sp in citrus
	Numerous stresses in the field affect the yield of citrus. These stresses include among others, insect pests and transmissible plant pathogens. Tangonan et al. (USMARC) monitored the incidence and damage of various insect pests and diseases attacking citrus in the three municipalities of Cotabato (Matalam, Kabacan, and Mlang). Findings Six major insect pests were identified to be associated with citrus namely: aphid, citrus rind borer, citrus scale, citrus thrips, fruit fly, and leafminer. The citrus rind borer (Prays endolemma Diakonoff) was at its highest incidence in Matalam in June with an average population of 58%. However, it was not observed in Mlang throughout the sampling period in 2003. In Mlang, leafminer (Phyllocnisnis citrella Stainton) was noted as the destructive pest in June, with an average damage count of 52.68%. Among the parasites, paper wasp (Polistes exclamans Gupta) population during February in Matalam was high (35.77%). Also in Matalam, predators such as red or fire ants (Solenopsis germinata Fabricius) had the highest occurrence, with 59.19% average population count in July. For synthetic insecticide testing, the application of deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos + betacyfluthrin effectively controlled citrus rind borer and offered significant protection to pummelo fruits. This was shown by fewer galls per fruit (pesos and baseball sizes). However, even with the application of botanical insecticides such as makabuhay, madre de cacao, and neem tree leaf extracts, the occurrence of rind borer and galls was not significantly reduced. The number of galls was comparable to that of the control. Results of the survey in various citrus orchards showed that twig blight commonly infects seedlings. Leaf spot was also identified as one of the diseases attacking citrus. Pathogens causing these diseases were Fusarium sp. and Curvularia sp. Bioassay tests showed zero growth of fungi in culture media mxed with difenoconazole fungicide. The test showed that Peperomia pellucida and Euphorbia hirta can control growth of fungi. P. pellucida allowed only 20.16 mm and 24 mm growths of Fusarium sp. and Curvularia sp., respectively. Growth of the untreated control filled up the entire plates. Source: PCARRD, 2004. Highlights 2003, Los Banos, Laguna.
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Peperomia pellucida and Euphorbia hirta for controlling growth of fungi Fusarium sp. and Curvularia sp in citrus