Technology/Information
Identified for Dissemination/Promotion/ Commercialization
(Excerpts from the Regional R&D Symposium FY 2002)
Summary/Description
The artificially inoculated and naturally infected chayote leaves were diagnosed
at the Department of Plant Pathology Laboratory, Benguet State University.
Further studies as in the purification of the virus were done at the Virology
Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, UPLB; transmission electron microscopy
at Biotechnology Laboratory; and, spectrophotometry at the Virology Laboratory,
International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna. The study
was conducted to document symptoms of virus-like diseases in naturally-infected
and artificially –inoculated chayote; purify the virus-like pathogen; and,
confirm the identity of purified antigen by spectrophotometry and transmission
electron microscopy.
Based on the findings of the study, the chayote leaf samples (artificially-inoculated and naturally-infected) were infected with chayote mosaic virus, a tymovirus as confirmed by symptomatology, spectrophotometry, and transmission electron microscopy.
It is therefore recommended that further purification and other molecular virological activities as western blot, hybridization, sequencing and immunological assays be done to confirm the true identity of the virus on strains or relation to other tymovirus group. Proper disease management should be employed to avoid further dissemination of chayote mosaic virus within the area or nearby plantation of chayote.
Inter-agency
Agricultural Extension Delivery Project in Linusod, Beckel, La Trinidad, Benguet
Janette C. Visayan, ATI-CAR
Summary/Description
Through the inter-agency project, efforts are concerted, focused and resources are maximized. The Inter-agency Agricultural Extension Delivery Project in Linusod, Beckel, La Trinidad, Benguet came to be through the spirit of volunteerism by the Benguet State University, Land Bank of the Philippines, Agricultural Training Institute-Cordillera Administrative Region, National Irrigation Administration-Benguet, Department of Agriculture, Department of Agrarian Reform, Highland Agriculture and Resources Research and Development Consortium and the Magsasaka Siyentista and the Local Government Unit of La Trinidad, Benguet.
In August 1999,
the agency heads of BLAD (BSU Extension Department, Land bank of the Philippines,
La Trinidad Branch, Agricultural Training Institute Center and the Department
of Agrarian Reform Benguet) decided to form themselves into a volunteer group
that would share resources and deliver extension services together in order
to create an impact on the lives of the farmers. The four offices cater to
the same clientele and with the limited resources from the four offices, the
impact of services rendered will be very minimal if they were to act individually
as compared to putting all the resources together.
The Volunteer Group’s concern, their working harmony and the spirit of volunteerism
has brought them together to help build the future of the Linusod Multi-purpose
Cooperative. Through the developed research on chrysanthemum production and
the appropriate extension delivery system the Linusod farmers have products
that are competitive and that they themselves are also competitive thus farmers
are economically stable.
Summary/Description
Farmers from Benguet and Mountain Province rely on the vegetable industry as their source of income. While they have aggressively produced highland vegetables using appropriate technology coupled with the favorable climate that make vegetable production a profitable venture, they have been able to fully realize expected profits based on “tsamba-tsamba” only due to fluctuations in prices and supplies. Compounded by these is the lack of organized and scientific strategies or decisions. If there are available data, it is perceived to be unreliable. As such, farmers are at the mercy of traders or middlemen who dictate their prices. At other times, the farmers produce so much of a particular commodity at a time when that commodity commands a very low price.
The results show that for the period covered (January to December 2001), the total inflow volume of vegetables brought in to Baguio City was 137,382 tons. The bulk of vegetables brought in was cabbage (41,446 tons) followed by potatoes (30,933 tons). The least volume shipped in was beans (2,718 tons). Fig. 1 illustrates that the major source of these vegetables was Buguias (17%) followed by Atok (12%) and the least volume came from Bokod (1%). The other sources were Mankayan (12%), Mt. Province (11%), Kibungan (10%), Bakun (8%), Kabayan (7%), Kapangan (7%), Tublay (7%), La Trinidad (4%), Tuba and Itogon (2% each) and Bokod (1%).
For the inflow trend, there was an influx of major highland vegetables in Baguio City during the months of March (16, 925 tons), April (17,151 tons) and May (1,6911 tons). While there was least inflow volume during the month of August (7,346 tons), there was just ample rainfall during the months of February to May (39.5 mm – 291 mm), thus favoring vegetable production while there was heavy rains from June to September aside from the strong storms that visited the production areas.
For the inflow
trend of beans, the greatest volume of beans was brought in during the months
of March (439 tons), April (392 tons) and May (338 tons). The least volume
of beans was brought in during the months of August (80 tons). Majority of
farmers start planting during the months of February until April so consequently
the bulk of harvest is during the months of April to June. For the second
cropping, they start planting from October to November thus, there is also
a high volume during the months of December and January. There was least production
during the month of August as it is a rainy month and the months (June to
July) preceding it are also rainy months. Typhoon also visit the production
areas during the months of June to September.
For the outflow months trends, the bulk of vegetables was shipped out during
the months of March, April, may (74,781 tons) followed by December (90-41
tons). The least volume was shipped out last August 2001 (3,685 tons). This
is so since bulk of the inflow and thereby production was during the months
of March, April, May and December 2001. There was heavy rains during the months
of June, July and August which was affected vegetable production, thus the
low outflow volume. An increase in the inflow volume results to an increase
in outflow volume.
The retail prices were much higher than the wholesale price which indicates that traders have more profit than farmers.
Evaluation
of Livestock and Poultry for Agroforestry Systems in the Highlands
Sonwright B. Maddul, Benguet State University
Summary/Description
Rabbit and Muscovy duck productivity were evaluated as separate components of different agroforestry systems in Benguet. Study 1 showed that rabbits reared in cages an on range systems had similar performances. Results indicate the potential of raising rabbits to utilize undergrowth vegetation in Benguet pine stands as feed. Study 2 also found positive results from integrating Muscovy ducks with rice and vegetable crop productivity.
Study 1. Rabbit
Production as Component of Agroforestry
The mean gestation period for all experimental does was 30.13 days. Litter
size at birth and at weaning was similar for all does in the cage and range
systems. The overall mean litter size at birth was 6.25 and at weaning 4.63.
At the weaning age of 6 weeks, litters produced in outdoor cages 738.23 g
and on the range without burrows (866.88g) were significantly heavier than
those raised indoors (586.5 g) and in burrows (631.00g).
Preliminary results show promising potential for raising rabbits on the range,
especially with surface shelters and burrows. This system can provide a better
environment for the rabbits raised at household level.
Rabbit manure,
has 2.4% nitrogen and 1.4% phosphoric acid which are relatively higher than
those animal manures. Its potash content of 0.6% is comparable with those
of other animals except goats and sheep. Moreover, rabbit manure is not hot
during decomposition. Thus, it is only animal manure that will not burn plants.
It was calculated that 15 does, two bucks and their litters will produce approximately
1 ton of rabbit manure in one year.
Study 2. Muscovy Duck Production as Component of various Agroforestry Systems
Ducks fed with
rice bran (Ration I) gained the most and were the most efficient in feed conversion.
Those given either white (Ration II) or brown wheat bran (Ration III) had
similar gain in weight and feed efficiency. However, carcass yield was not
significantly different between ducks fed rice bran-based ration and those
on brown wheat bran ration. In order to produce a kilogram of duck, white
wheat bran ration required the highest cost of feed.
Water pond resulted in heavier weights of Muscovy ducks, especially the black
strain, than if no pond was provided. This means that raising ducks with water
pond in an agroforestry farm improves their gain in weight. The experiment
also showed that ducks with pond were more efficient in converting feed into
body weight than those without pond. Consequently, feed cost to produce a
kilogram of duck was significantly reduced with the provision of water pond.
Although carcass yield was not affected by treatments, the farmer-cooperator
was very delighted that his ducks were satisfied swimming in the water ponds.
It is concluded that rabbits and Muscovy ducks can be integrated in a rice
and vegetable-based agroforestry systems in Benguet. For proper monitoring
and management, rabbits should be confined in cages made of welded wire mesh.
As an alternative to this conventional system of rearing, rabbits can be kept
on the range, especially with burrows, to cut on labor cost. Range rearing
also provides the rabbit an environment similar to their natural habitat.
Summary/Description
The Sitio Electrification
is a newly coined word that aims to reach out to the really poor people in
every remote communities, which are small and detached. The micro-hydro electric
generator installation does not need a powerhouse, penstock and it is easily
maintained, cheap and readily available in the market.
The Micro-Hydro Electric Load Stabilizer is an electric apparatus for providing
an almost constant load for the micro-hydro electric plants, micro-hydro electric
generators, generators sets and wind turbines.
Significant Impact/Effect of the Program/Activity
a. Product Marketability
With the conduct
of the Barangay Electrification Program of the Department of Energy and the
Department of Science and Technology, most of the bigger renewable sources
of energy like the micro-hydro power plants have already been built. But most
of the remote areas cannot be benefited by the program because of the absence
of enough energy sources to be used for the micro-hydro electric plants. However,
areas with smaller potential water energy sources can now be served electricity
by using the Micro-hydro Electric Generator, which is a low capacity and low
head turbine-driven generator. Hence, the Sitio Electrification Program can
now reach those areas that cannot be reached by the Barangay Electrification
Program.
All the raw materials needed for the project is locally available in huge
volumes. The Philippine Electronics Industries (PEI) currently markets the
Micro-Hydro Electric Generator. This researcher and Mr. Alrin Falgui (student
from TNHS and son of the researcher) locally fabricates the Micro-Hydro Load
Stabilizer and the Excess Electrical Energy Absorber. The cement, steel roads,
electric posts and other accessories are locally available.
b. Economic Significance
With the use
of the Load Stabilizer and the Excess Electrical Energy Absorber, the excess
energy will be used to charge a battery. Excess energy is available when few
household lamps are in use, e.g. from 9:00 pm to 5:00 am when the people are
asleep. Income could be derived from battery charging, which in turn will
be used by other distant household for electricity at night thus “extending”
the capacity of the micro-hydro electric generator. The battery could be connected
to an inverter to convert the electricity to 220 volts alternating current,
which will be used by other income-generating activities.
This successful extension project has taken the attention of the Department
of Energy. The Department of Energy has considered the completed project at
Sitio Patiking as a model unit. It has requested for technical assistance
for the installation of 28 units at the Municipality of Calanasan, Province
of Apayao. Two units of the MHG will be also be installed at Mayaoyao, two
units were installed at the Cavite State University. Another two is currently
being installed at Sitio Patiking of Tabuk, Kalinga. This extension project
has introduced many innovations, which this researcher wants to keep secret
lest the commercial prospects be sacrificed.
Community-Based Micro – Hydro Power Generation Project
ARANIAS, Josephine A., BUENAFE, Menandro B., DEPONIO, Melchor
P., Department of Science and Technology-Abra
Summary/Description
The project was piloted and demonstrated at Dulao and Gacab, Maligcong, Abra from January 1996 to April 2000. It was jointly funded by the PCIERD-DOST, DOST-CAR, and the Provincial Government of Abra and implemented by the Diocese of Bangued, DOST-CAR-PSTC-Abra, Pangasinan State University, De La Salle University, Municipality of Maligcong and Barangay’s Dulao and Gacab with their contributions ranging from financial support, technical expertise and labor counterpart.
The 7.5 kW
micro-hydro power plant at Dulao, Maligcong now provides electricity to forty-eight
(48) households, allowing every house with 40 watts of power for lightning
during low flows and maximum of 160 watts during peakflows. In addition, each
house has a convenience outlet for radio and stereo plugging, and battery
charging. The village was also provided with five streetlights at 100-watt
bulb each. Likewise, the church was installed with two 20-watt flourescent
lamps while the barangay hall has two 100-watt incandescent bulbs and a convenience
outlet. Aside from lighting the plant mechanically drives a rice-mill. The
management of the power plant was turned over to the community.
While the 20 kW power plant at Gacab, Maligcong provides electricity for rice
milling and lighting of eighty (80) households, the barangay hall, the church
and pathways around the community. The management and operation of the micro-hydro
power plant was turned over to the Banagan Micro-Hydro Multipurpose Cooperative
in Gacab, Maligcong, Abra.
Significant Impact / Effect of the Program:
A) POVERTY ALLEVIATION
1) Generation
of Employment – The establishment and growth of Cottage industries like Furniture
Shops, Welding and Iron Works Shops, Loom Weaving and other handicraft have
spurred economic activities.
2) Increased of Farm Income – There are additional farm activities and labor
distribution like construction of Fishponds in the adjacent farm areas, two
cropping and planting of vegetables to their rice fields after first cropping.
This was made possible through the ready supply of irrigation water during
daytime.
3) Increased Family Savings – This was realized with the low cost electric
bills, rice milling and other agricultural products processing. Aside from
this low billing, they are saving their money for transportation in buying
kerosene and have reduced the hauling cost of provisions from Bangued.
4) Provision of Electrical Lighting to Houses and Path-lights around the Community
– The advantage of Micro Hydro Power over the grid connection is the avoidance
of brownouts, power disruptions and the additional payment of PPA.
B) PEOPLE EMPOWERMENT
1) Develop a
Self-Reliant Community – Community- based projects like this would enable
the Barangay leaders and the people to manage, handle, and decide for themselves
the policies, rules and regulations on the operation and maintenance of the
project.
2) Develop a Sustainable Agriculture – The irrigation component of the project
is a facility that has developed interest of the people on entrepreneurial
projects like planting of high value crops, fruit trees, Agro-forestry and
on the improvement of pasture areas in the community.
3) People are more Responsive and Innovative – The people received timely
information through their transistor, radio or television and thus are updated
with news reports or current events, weather forecasts, etc.
Through the use of handled radio, it could help facilitate communication and escape the rigors or delay of transportation caused by slides and flooding within the road networks.
There was an observed change of attitudes and perceptions of the people towards conservation of nature and awareness of environmental issues.
Summary/Description
This is a three-year
project (2002-2005) to develop and package an integrated management strategy
against Potato Leafminer (PLM) on high value vegetables and avoid an outbreak,
as was the case on potato in 1999.
One cropping season (January to May, 2002) was done on bush bean, garden pea
and lettuce at the Balili Experimental Farm of Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Promising varieties, insecticides and yellow sticky trap (YST) were identified.
The monthly fluctuation on the pest population is shown.
Summary/Description
The study was conducted from February to April 2002, which aimed to evaluate effectiveness of different rooting media for arabica cuttings and identify the most effective rooting hormone and the best rooting medium for arabica cuttings.
Clonal cuttings as propagation technique reproduce true to type generation of planting materials. The conventional method of propagation with the use of seeds requires a minimum of four years from germination to berry production. On the other hand, rooted cuttings can produce berries in 18 months after transplanting. Moreover, there is an increasing interest in the mass propagation of coffee seedlings throughout the country because of the expanding growing areas and the rehabilitation of old coffee plantations. However, studies on the use of rooting hormones and appropriate rooting medium which initiate early rooting of cuttings and hasten seedling growth and development is limited, hence the technology is recommended.
Hormex solution and Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) were both effective in the root initiation and root development of cuttings of Coffee Arabica. Furthermore, coir dust alone used as a medium for sticking Coffee Arabica cuttings had initiated rooting of the cuttings by 19 days compared to the control (garden soil) which rooted in 37.75 days from sticking. This was attributed to the porous characteristics of coir duct and the good water holding capacity of ht medium which enhanced root initiation and development.
Summary/Description
Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. is the most destructive disease of crucifers worldwide. It causes substantial yield loss that could range from 5-10% during rainy season to as high as 100% during dry season. From among the various techniques employed to manage this disease, biological control is the newest. It involves the use of antagonistic microorganisms that either directly or indirectly control the clubroot pathogen.
The study was conducted at BSU experimental Station, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet to validate the efficacy of the three microbial antagonists against clubroot when applied alone or when integrated with lime and sub-lethal dose of Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB).
Clubroot infection was significantly reduced when microbial antagonists were integrated with lime and sub-lethal dose of PCNB. Similarly, yield was significantly higher in plants applied with microbial antagonists than in the untreated control.
Return on investment (ROI) was highest using Paecilomyces sp. followed by Pseudomonas sp. alone; lime; Flavobacterium sp. and sub-lethal dose of PCNB; and PCNB alone with 137.03; 124.26; 105.09; and 101.07%, respectively. The use of such integration is cost-effective, easy to mass produce, and safe to apply. This technology will prevent the development of resistance when rotated in control program with compatible chemicals.
Treatments
using Flavobacterium sp., Pseudomnas sp., and Paecilomyces sp. and integrated
with lime and sublethal dose of PCNB gave the least number of wilted plants
Significant reduction in clubroot infection was noted when microbial antagonists
were integrated with lime and sub-lethal dose of PCNB.
Yield was significantly higher in plants applied with microbial antagonists
than in the control.
Return on Investment (ROI) was highest using Paecilomyces sp. alone followed
by Pseudomonas sp. alone, lime, Flavobacterium sp, + sub-lethal dose of PCNB,
and PCNB alone with 137.03, 124.26, 105.09, and 101.07%, respectively.
The microbial antagonists, namely: Flavobacterium sp., Pseudomonas sp., and
Paecilomyces sp. when integrated with lime and sub-lethal dose of PCNB are
effective for the management of clubroot infection in Chinese Cabbage.
The use of such integration is cost-effective, easy to mass-produce, and safe
to apply.
This technology will prevent the development of resistance when rotated in
control program with compatible chemicals.
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