Technologies - Honey bee culture

Honeybee Culture under Forest Trees in the Cordillera

Introduction

Many people are used to honey hunting of wild bee colonies in the forest. But due to over-exploitation of the forest resources, there is a decreasing trend in the quantity of colonies in many areas of our forests.

Instead of honey hunting, beekeeping as a livelihood had been introduced in the Cordillera as early as the 70's. Today, there are quite a number of families that are engaged in beekeeping in the region.

Beekeeping will not only augment family income of upland dwellers and indigenous communities from bee products but also motivate them in the protection and development of forest resources. Beekeeping will also ensure good quality yield of crops through pollination thus, leading to an improved regeneration of trees and promote a good floral diversity.

The integration of beekeeping in the forest plantations and agroforestation projects will ensure the success of such projects.

This manual on beekeeping will help the upland dwellers and the indigenous communities in providing additional livelihood aside from promoting a balanced ecosystem.

The Bee Colony
When to Start a Colony
An Ideal Bee Farm
Beekeeping Apparatus and Facilities
Colony/Hive Management
Harvesting and Marketing
Post Harvest Management
Costs and Returns of Beekeeping
Definition of Terms
References

The Bee Colony

In order to become a successful beekeeper, it is important to know your bee colony, their behavior and needs.

The bee colony is composed of the queen, the drones and the workers. A strong colony of Apis mellifera of 14 frames could have a population of 50,000 workers, a queen, a few drones, 6,000 eggs, 10,000 larvae and 20,000 pupa. The queen is the female parent of the colony. Her role is only to lay eggs in the colony. A queen lays 1,000 to 1,500 eggs a day. Pheromones produced by the queen is responsible for the coherence of the colony. The drones are the male bees responsible for mating. Drones are larger and stouter than queens or workers. Worker bees are the smallest and the most numerous members of the honeybee colony. The are underdeveloped females with small ovaries and are not capable of producing eggs under normal conditions. The workers are responsible in feeding newly hatched larvae with royal jelly. Worker bees collect pollen nectar, propolis and water and bring them to the hive. Some worker bees remain to guard, clean and build wax combs. These also include the nurse bees that feed the young and queen, and regulate the temperature of the hive.

The bees need wax, nectar, water, flowers, trees and flower buds in order to live. They build a wax comb to store honey and pollen and responsible for egg deposition. Nectar is liquid, sugary substance produced by flowers and is the raw material from which honey is made. Bees also need water. It is added to the honey and serve to cool the hive during hot weather. Bees need flowers from which they collect pollen. Bees also need trees and flower buds to make propolis which they use to seal cracks in the hive and repair combs.

When to Start a Colony

An initial amount of P5,000.00 is required as working capital. The best time to start is during summer. Flowers are in bloom for sufficient source of nectar and pollen. Procure bee colony from reliable source. Usually, a package colony is a three-frame colony. Be sure to check on the following: all stages of broods (egg, larva and pupa) should be present; a young, good laying queen; pollen and nectar. They should be free from mites and diseases.

An Ideal Bee Farm

An apiary or beef farm is a place where the bee colonies are located/placed. Bee colonies can be placed anywhere in forest areas, under the canopy of trees, in agricultural areas, or even in urban areas provided the following criteria are met:

1. It should be located near an area with abundant nectar or pollen-producing plants. The host plants must be within the 3-8 kilometer radius of the apiary, depending on the slope of the area.
2. It should be near the source of clean water. The bees need water to dilute honey and regulate the temperature inside the bee hive.
3. It should have enough windbreaks especially during typhoon seasons.
4. It should be far away from areas with high pesticidal/insecticidal spray or usage.

During the summer months, the colonies must be placed in shaded areas. During cold months, the colonies should be partially exposed to sunlight.

Beekeeping Apparatus and Facilities

1. Bee veil - This is used to protect the neck and face from bee sting. A veil is made from any wide brim and hat and a piece of mosquito net, moslen cloth and screen.

2. Smoker - This is a metal can (often bellows attached) which is used to generate smoke for subduing honeybees. Materials like wood shavings, cow dung or dry leaves are lighted nearest the mouthpiece so that smoke is filtered through the unburned fuel.

3. Gloves - This is used to protect hands from bee sting. Gloves used in beekeeping are usually of the "worker type," often made of soft leather and canvass-type cloth. Sleeves are sawn to the gloves top to protect the beekeepers from bee sting. The sleeve can be tightened to the arms by the use of a string or elastic bands.

4. Hive tool - This tool is used to help move apart the hive frames inside the bee colony. It can be purchased from bee equipment company or made by a beekeeper from a metal, which is eight to ten inches long. The sharp edge is used for scraping wax and propolis inside the hive.

5. Bee brush - A brush or whisk broom used for removing bees from comb.

6. Bee hive - A container provided for honeybees to nest in. The standard bee hive can be obtained from factory specializing beekeeping equipment. However, a beekeeper can also make a hive using the standard size.

7. Frames with foundation - A frame with a foundation sheet is embedded to the hive, where honey comb is built-up for honey storage and bee multiplication.

8. Extractor - A cylindrical drum with at least 2 frame containers inside into which a handle is attached and driven manually to create centrifugal force which spills out the honey from the encapped honey comb.

Colony/Hive Management

A. Inspection the colonies

Inspect your colonies weekly or every 2 weeks. Inspection is done to check the presence or absence of pests and diseases. Check if there is enough food. Determine when to add wax foundation, and assess the queen's performance. The following are tips when inspecting colonies:

1. Use bee veil to avoid sting.
2. Do not stand in front of the hive, the foraging bees will be blocked.
3. Remove the outside cover gently. You may not use a smoker when bees seem to be gentle. When smoking is necessary, gently smoke the entrance of the hive.
4. Lift the upper cover gently and puff another smoke.
5. Remove one frame, inspect both sides. Examine the rest of the frames and return to their original position.

B. Brood rearing

This refers to increasing bee population needed for increased honeyflow.

1. Supplemental feeding - Bees will store their honey and pollen during summertime in preparation for rainy season. Since the stored honey have been harvested, the supply left in the brood area is not sufficient to sustain bees during rainy season. Therefore, feeding using sugar substitute is necessary during the rainy season. The syrup is made of sugar with the following concentrations:

60% sugar + 40% water - comb building
40% sugar + 60% water - maintenance
50% sugar + 50% water - brood rearing
2 part sugar + 1 part water - brood rearing

Types of feeder

a. Division board feeder - The sugar syrup is poured into the provision board and at the same time the feeder box. This type of feeder needs floaters.

b. Bottle feeder - Mix a sugar syrup in a clean bottle with small holes on the cover and place it upside down position in a bottom board.

c. Polyethylene bag feeder - The sugar is placed in a plastic bag and pinch with a hole and placed on top of the frames/hive.

Tips in feeding

a. Never feed when it is raining.
b. Reduce the entrance of the bee hives.
c. Take great care not to spill sugar syrup in the apiary, this will cause robbing.
d. See to it that feeders are not accessible from outside.

2. Addition of empty comb - To increase population, the space for the queen to lay her eggs must not be restricted. However, if the space is more what is needed, this must be avoided. The addition of empty comb must have proper timing.

3. Brood support - A colony or hive with few worker bees need support of either sealed or brood bees to maintain the moral of both worker and queen bees. Queen will lay eggs when few bees are available to take care of what she laid and clean the cell for her to lay eggs. Brood support can be from other colony of the same strain and known to have been free from diseases.

C. Bee foraging areas

The bees forage are nectar, pollen, propolis and water.

The locations where the honeybees go and collect nectar, pollen and propolis are called bee foraging/pasture areas. These areas should contain diverse species of vegetation such as forest and fruit trees, shrubs, grasses and weeds, herbs and other agricultural crops that provide benefit to honeybees, man and environment.

Bees can fly 14 kms to a food source when no intervening forage is available. However, the colonies lost weight. When colonies are located 0.75 to 1 km from the food source, they show gains as large as the colonies located at the source provided the weather is favorable for the bee flight. The forest tree species that serve as sources of food for the bees in the Cordillera are listed in Table 1.

Table 1. List of nectar and pollen producing forest trees in the Cordilleras.

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family
Kitaldag	L. oligocarpus	Fagaceae
Lipakon	L. lipacon	Fagaceae
Malalipakon	L. bicoloratus	Fagaceae
Kilog	L. luzonensis	Fagaceae
Pangnan bundok	L. philippinensis	Fagaceae
Olayan	L. llanosii	Fagaceae
Katiluk	L. jordanae	Fagaceae
Manaring	L. soleriana	Fagaceae
Dusong	Vaccinum barandanum	Iricaceae
Azallea	Rhodondendron sp.	Iricaceae
Maninik	Palaguium tenuipetiolatum	Sapotaceae
Dequai	Saurauia bontocensis	Antinadiceae
Calliandra	Calliandra calothyrsus	Mimosacea
Whipping willow	C. viminalis	Myrtaceae
Murray red gum	Eucalyptus camaldulensis	Myrtaceae
Forest red gum	E. teriticornis	Myrtaceae
Swamp mahogany	E. robusta	Myrtaceae
Mulberry	Morus alba	Moraceae
Yemane	Gemilina arborea	Verbenaceae
Narra	Pterocarpus indicus	Leguminoceae
Anchoan dilao	Cassia spectabilis	Leguminoceae
Datilis	Mutingia calabura	Tiliaceae
African tulip	Spathodea campanulata	Bigonia
Golden shower	Cassia fistula	Caesalpinaceae
Banaba	Lagerstoemia speciosa	Lythraceae
Raintree	Samanea saman	Leguminoceae
Ilang-ilang	Canaga odorata	Anonaceae
Akleng parang	Albizzia procera	Mimosaceae
Duhat	Syzygium cumingi	Myrtaceae
Bignay	Antidesma bunius	Euphobiaceae
Kakawate	Gliricidia sepium	Leguminoceae
Kamachile	Pethecellobium dulce	Mimosaceae
Kapok	Cieba pentandra	Bombaceae
Mahogany	Swietenia macrophylla	Meliaceae
Japanese acacia	Acacia auriculiformis	Mimosaceae
Mangium	A. mangium	Mimosaceae
Kalantas	Toona kalantas	Mimosaceae
Talisay	Terminalia catapa	Meliaceae
Anabiong	Trama orientalis	Ulmaceae
Ipil-ipil	Leucaena luecocephala	Mimosaceae
Dap-dap	Erythrina orientalis	Leguminosae
Molave	Vitex parviflora	Verbenaceae

D. Preparation of the colonies for honeyflow

At least two (2) chamber per hive are prepared for honeyflow. The queen must be prolific and strong to withstand the need of the colony. In areas. With longer nectar flow duration, brood support is necessary to utilize to the maximum nectar before it will be mated.

E. Pests, diseases, predators and other honeybee enemies

1. Mites

The parasitic beemites, V. jacobsoni and Tropilaelaps clarae are the most serious pest of bees, especially A. mellifera. If the colonies are not properly managed, all the bees will be wiped out. The most commnly used acaracides are Folbes (chlorobenzilate), smoking paper (Tetradifon) and lately Apistan (Fluvalinate).

Farmers utilize botanicals like "alagaw" (Premna odorata), sometimes combined with lemon grass (Andropogon citrates) and Tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum). The leaves are placed inside the hive and replaced weekly during heave infestation. The percentage of control is only about 35 percent.

Some beekeepers reduce brood sizes and hives manipulation to break the cycle of the mites.

2. Wax moth

Wax moth (Galleria sp.) is a threat to A. cerana colonies. Hygienic practices like cleaning bottom boards, keeping unused combs and burning infested wax can minimize infestation.

3. Birds

Predatory birds, like swift (Chaetura dubia) and "pirik-pirik" (Merops sp.) can considerably reduce the population of forager bees. Based from personal observation, one swift could eat as much as 300 bees. The best control so far is placing a net trap in the apiary. It is also advised to disperse the colonies by 10-20 hives per site to be less noticeable by the birds. A beekeeper analyzed the guts of swift and found that honey bees are chief diet.

4. Wasps and other pests

The wasps (Vespa sp.) are common predators of A. mellifera. One wasp could take as much as 7 bees at one attack. Traps are installed in case of high wasp population.

In small apiaries, the wasps are destroyed mechanically by hitting them with slippers or piece of wood. They are also caught using insect nets.

Other minor pests are toads, ants, frogs, lizards and cockroaches.

5. Chalkbrood

Chalkbrood is caused by fungus (Ascosphaera apis) which affects the larvae-after infection. The larvae become "mummified" and are either white or gray to black in color. The protection from high levels of infection are the use of young productive queens, new comb, strengthening the colonies and good colony management.

6. Sac brood

A viral disease, sac brood has been observed from bees sampled from Cavite. No specific form of treatment is known for sac brood. Only a small proportion of the total amount of brood is normally affected. In sever infection, requeening is recommended or removal of infected brood.

7. Nosema

The parasite, Nosema apis is found in colonies from Cavite. This parasite is common during rainy season. Adult bees from infected colonies should be transferred on the clean combs. Partial replacement of combs may also be done.

8. American foul brood and European foul brood

Anerican Foul Brood (AFB) and European Foul Brood (EFB) are bacterial diseases which affects the bee colonies during spring or summer. These diseases are not common in the Philippines.

The EFB can be controlled and prevention can be done by feeding the colonies with oxyletracycline hydrochloride (e.g. Terramycin). While AFB infected colonies are burned.

9. Pesticidal poisoning

Pesticide poisoning had also been considered as threat to beekeeping. The pesticide poisoning of bees are caused by the application of insecticide to crops that are in bloom, bees coming in with insecticide residues, drift off, chemical sprays on flowering crops or apiaries and contaminated nectar and pollen. The symptoms of pesticide poisoning is exhibited by the large number of dead bees in front or near the hive entrance that result to sudden dwindling of adult bee population. The beekeepers should be aware of the location of the apiary and migration of bee colonies to avoid poisoning of bees during the bloom period of crops.

Harvesting and Marketing

There are two methods of harvesting honey. The first is selective harvesting by ripe frames and the other one is harvesting once about the end of honey flow. The type of harvesting practices are dictated by the type of plants.

The honey is extracted from the frame with the use of centrifugal honey extractor. The honey produced is transferred to sterilized bottles, sealed and labeled for market.

There is no problem in marketing, you can sell the honey in groceries, bakeries, meat processors (using honey), and pharmaceutical companies.

Post Harvest Management

Colony used for honey flow can either be maintained in a standard box or splitted into nucleus colonies depending on the next purpose of the colonies. Feeding should be done to maintain the moral of bees. Colony that were used for the honey flow should be fed to avoid the colony from collapsing.

Cost and Returns of Beekeeping

The costs and returns of beekeeping is presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Costs and Returns for Year 1 and Year 2.

1. Costs of Production (Year 1) - 3 colonies
Item	Quantity	Cost (Pesos)
a. Supplies
Nucleus colonies with 3 frames and 1 young mated queen each	3 sets	5,700.00
Standard hive with frames	3 sets	4,500.00
Wax foundation	12 pcs.	540.00
Comb frames	6 pcs.	900.00
Medicine (Apistan, Terramycin, etc)	Variable	1,028.00
Sub-Total:		13,028.00
b. Tools and Equipment
Smoker	1 pc.	500.00
Bee veil	2 pcs.	150.00
Honey extractor (hired)	1 day	200.00
Sub-Total:		850.00
c. Harvest and Processing Cost
Bottles and seal		617.00
Miscellaneous expenses (moslin cloth, sterilization)		730.00
Sub-Total:		1,347.00
d. Labor
Accumulated labor cost in managing bee colonies out of leisure time		1,000.00
Year 1 Total Costs		16,225.00

2. Costs of Production (Year 2) - The colonies increased to 13 from 3 colonies in Year 1.
Item	Quantity	Cost (Pesos)
a. Supplies
Standard Hive with frames	5 sets	6,000.00
Hive boxes with 5 frames	5 sets	3,000.00
Wax foundation	75 pcs.	3,375.00
Sugar	141 kgs.	3,015.00
Polyethylene bags	600 pcs.	60.00
Queens (additional)	10 pcs.	3,500.00
Medicine (Apistan, Terramycin)	Variable	638.75
Containers (jug, bottles and seal)	Variable	878.75
Misc. Expenses (cellophane, sprayer, gasoline, sterilization)		638.00
Sub-Total:		21,105.50
b. Tools
Hive Tool	1 pc.	100.00
Extractor (hired)	1 day	300.00
Sub-Total		400.00
c. Labor
Accumulated labor cost in managing the colonies		2,500.00
Year 2 Total Costs		24,005.50

3. Returns of Honeybee Colonies
a. First Year (3 colonies)
Honey (69 kg@P150/kg)		10,400.00
Increase in brood for 27 frames (@P750/frame)		20,250.00
Value of original colony		5,700.00
Year 1 Total Returns		36,350.00
b. Second Year (13 colonies)
Honey harvest	105 kg	15,750.00
Increase in number of colony at P4,500/10 frames colony and P2,250 per 5 frames		33,750.00
Year 2 Total Returns		63,020.00

Costs and Returns Summary

Year	Production Cost (P)	Total Return of Produce (P)	Net Income (P)
1st	16,225.00	36,350.00	20,125.00
2nd	24,005.50	63,030.00	39,014.50

Definition of Terms

Apiary - The location of a number of bee colonies.

Apiculture - The science which deal with the study of bees and beekeeping.

Apis - The genus to which honeybees belong.

Bee - Any insect belonging to the super family Apodea. There are well over 2,000 species of bees; the most familiar are honeybees and bumble bees. An important bee characteristic is an ability to collect pollen.

Bee space - The space where honeybees walk and work. ie. the space between two combs or between a comb and the wall of the hive.

Beeswax - Wax produced by honeybees (secreted by special glands on the underside of the bee) and used to build comb.

Brood - All stages of immature honeybees; eggs, larvae and pupae.

Cell - A single hexagonal wax compartment, the basic unit of comb. Each honeybee develops within a single cell, and honey and pollen are stored within cells.

Colony - Honeybees are social insects: They cannot live individually, only together as part of a colony. Each colony of honeybees contains one queen bee who is the female parent of the colony, a few hundred drone bees and thousands of worker bees.

Comb - The wax structure made of hexagonal cells in which honeybees rear young and store food.

Cross-pollination - The transfer of pollen between flowers of different plants of the same species. Plants that are not self-fertile must be cross-pollinated before they can develop seeds or fruit.

Drone - A male honeybee. Drones undertake no hive work: their sole function is to fertilize the queen.

Extractor - The honey extractor is a centrifugal machine in which honey is spun out of cells within comb.

Foundation - A thin sheet of beeswax printed with a hexagonal pattern. A sheet of foundation is placed in each wood frame and this serves as a base upon which honeybees build their comb. Intermediate technology beekeeping often tries to avoid the costly system of using wax foundation.

References

Attenga, G.M. 1995. Honey Hunters and Beekeepers. A Study of Traditional Beekeeping in Babati District. Tansania Sweddish University of Agricultural Sciences. International Rural Development Center.

Cervancia, C.R. 1995. Beekeeping for Beginners: The Biology and Behavior. Lecture on Seminar-Orientation on Beekeeping with Common European Honeybee for Northern Luzon (Unpublished).

Laquidan, R. 1995. Honeybee Products, By-products and its Potential in the Philippines. Lecture Seminar-Orientation on Beekeeping with Common European Honeybee for Northern Luzon (Unpublished).

Ramos, F. V. 1995. Implementing Guidelines for Operationalization of Social Reform Agenda Convergence Policy. Manila, Phil. 1994. The Social Reform Agenda. Republic of the Philippines.

Santos, A.S. The Beekeeping Module. A.S. Santos Apiary and Bee Supply. Marikina, M.M. Philipppines.

Sito, A.P. 1995. Hive Management. Seminar-Orientation on Beekeeping with Common European Honeybee for Northern Luzon (Unpublished).

Sito, A.P. et al. 1995. La Union Technoguide on Beekeeping. ATDC-DMMSU, P.A.

Svensson, B. 1991. Bees and Trees. Sweddish University of Agricultural Sciences. International Rural Development Center. pp. 123.

Tamayo, R.C. 1990. Lecture Notes, Training on Apiculture (Beekeeping) in the Highlands. (Unpublished).

Source: DENR-CAR, 1997. Technology Transfer Series, Vol. 7(1).