Agricultural ecosystems or agro ecosystems are specialized controlled systems designed and managed by humans for the production of food and fiber. It is a complex system of  interacting biotic and abiotic elements performing certain functions and processes such as primary production, consumption, and decomposition resulting in energy flow and nutrient cycling. The agro ecosystem is further characterized by a hierarchy of integrated systems (e.g. farms within communities, within watersheds, within regions and so forth) composed of interconnected and interrelated biophysical elements (soil, water, air

Tor climatic resources, plants and animals), and socioeconomic elements (social, cultural, economic,  institutional  and  political concerns). The interactions among these elements  determine the properties of the agro ecosystem. The Agroecosystem R&D Commodity keeps  up to this concept. It is focused on providing a holistic and integrated framework for planning and developing R and D programs in agriculture. It considers the interrelatedness and interconnectedness of the biophysical, social and economic systems within the  agroecosystem.